Care Act 2014 — Sections 1, 9, 10, 13, 18, 24–25, 27 and 42 Official source
Care Act 2014, ss 58–66 — Transition assessments for children, child’s carers and young carers Official source
Children Act 1989, s 17 — Local-authority services for children in need; disabled children included Official source
Children Act 1989, ss 1, 22 and 31 — Welfare, looked-after-child duties and significant-harm threshold Official source
Child Abduction Act 1984, ss 1–2 — Offences concerning taking or detaining children, including lawful-authority requirements Official source
Re B (A Child) [2013] UKSC 33 — Necessity and proportionality in care and adoption intervention Official source
Re B (Children) [2008] UKHL 35 — Civil balance-of-probabilities standard in care proceedings Official source
Williams v London Borough of Hackney [2018] UKSC 37 — Children Act s 20 authority, parental objection and continued accommodation Official source
H-W (Children) [2022] UKSC 17 — Care-order proportionality and appellate review Official source
K and T v Finland, App no 25702/94 — Article 8 scrutiny of emergency child removal and family reunification duties Official source
Hanzelkovi v Czech Republic, App no 43643/10 — Disproportionate removal and Article 8 Official source
Allen v United Kingdom [GC], App no 25424/09 — Presumption of innocence and official language after acquittal Official source
Coleman v Attridge Law, Case C-303/06 — Associative direct disability discrimination Official source
CN v Poole Borough Council [2019] UKSC 25 — Public-authority negligence, omissions and assumption of responsibility Official source
D v East Berkshire Community Health NHS Trust [2005] UKHL 23 — Duties in child-abuse investigation and competing protection interests Official source
Willers v Joyce [2016] UKSC 43 — Malicious prosecution of civil proceedings Official source
George v Cannell [2024] UKSC 19 — Malicious falsehood and damage requirements Official source
Adoption and Children Act 2002 — Adoption welfare, information, records, support and contact framework Official source
Adoption statutory guidance — Official guidance for local authorities, voluntary adoption agencies and adoption support agencies Official source
CoramBAAF: Life story work — Professional practice resource on identity, history and developmentally appropriate direct work Official source
Family Procedure Rules, Practice Direction 12J — Child arrangements and contact where domestic abuse is alleged or admitted Official source
Children Act 1989, s 1(2A)–(2B) — Presumption of parental involvement only where involvement does not put the child at risk of harm Official source
Re H-N and Others (Children) [2021] EWCA Civ 448 — Approach to domestic-abuse allegations, patterns of behaviour and welfare in child-arrangements cases Official source
Care Planning, Placement and Case Review (England) Regulations 2010 — Care planning, placement, visits and review requirements for looked-after children Official source
Fostering Services (England) Regulations 2011 — Fostering-service approval, support, review and safeguarding framework Official source
NICE NG217: Epilepsies in children, young people and adults — Clinical assessment, diagnosis and management of suspected or confirmed epilepsy Official source
NICE CG128: Autism spectrum disorder in under 19s—recognition, referral and diagnosis — Recognition, referral and diagnostic guidance Official source
NICE NG76: Child abuse and neglect — Recognising, assessing and responding to abuse and neglect in people under 18 Official source
NICE CG89: Child maltreatment—when to suspect maltreatment — Clinical signs and alerting features that require consideration or suspicion Official source
NICE NG116: Post-traumatic stress disorder — Recognition, assessment and treatment across children, young people and adults Official source
Care Act 2014, s 42 — Adult safeguarding enquiry threshold and duty Official source
Care and Support Statutory Guidance, chapter 14 — Adult safeguarding principles, forms of abuse and multi-agency practice Official source
Children Act 1989, s 47 — Local-authority enquiries where there is reasonable cause to suspect significant harm Official source
Z and Others v United Kingdom, App no 29392/95 — Article 3 failure to protect children from severe prolonged neglect Official source
Osman v United Kingdom, App no 23452/94 — Article 2 operational duty and real-and-immediate-risk test Official source
Rabone v Pennine Care NHS Foundation Trust [2012] UKSC 2 — Article 2 operational duty in psychiatric suicide-risk circumstances Official source
P v Cheshire West and Chester Council [2014] UKSC 19 — Deprivation-of-liberty acid test: continuous supervision and control and not free to leave Official source
Attorney General for Northern Ireland Reference [2025] UKSC 42 — Current Article 5 analysis and departure from Cheshire West on confinement and valid consent Official source
Fraud Act 2006, ss 2–5 — Fraud by false representation, failure to disclose, abuse of position and statutory gain/loss Official source
Re S (A Child) [2015] UKSC 20 — Family-proceedings costs, local-authority protective role and absence of automatic liability after allegations fail Official source
T (Children) [2012] UKSC 36 — Costs principles and unreasonable public-authority stance in child-related proceedings Official source
Hillingdon LBC v Neary [2011] EWHC 1377 (COP) — Unlawful residential retention, deprivation of liberty and Article 8 family-life failures Official source
A Local Authority v DL [2012] EWCA Civ 253 — High Court inherent jurisdiction concerning vulnerable adults subject to coercion or undue influence Official source
A Local Authority v BF [2018] EWCA Civ 2962 — Scope and limits of inherent jurisdiction for vulnerable adults Official source
Leicester City Council v MPZ [2019] EWHC 3073 (Fam) — Inherent-jurisdiction principles, autonomy and the protective imperative Official source
Equality Act 2010, ss 15 and 20–21 — Discrimination arising from disability and reasonable-adjustment duties Official source
EHRC Services, Public Functions and Associations Code — Statutory-code guidance on service discrimination and reasonable adjustments, including disability access Official source
CQC Regulation 9: Person-centred care — Assessment and delivery reflecting needs and preferences Official source
CQC Regulation 9A: Visiting and accompanying — Care-home, hospital and hospice visiting requirements and individualised restrictions Official source
Animal Welfare Act 2006 — Duties and offences concerning animal welfare Official source
Modern Slavery Act 2015, s 1 — Slavery, servitude and forced or compulsory labour offence and vulnerability considerations Official source
Home Office Modern Slavery Statutory Guidance — Identification, referral, protection and forced-labour indicators Official source
CPS Modern Slavery prosecution guidance — Offence elements, evidence, victim identification and prosecution approach Official source
Basfar v Wong [2022] UKSC 20 — Coercion, control and vulnerability in alleged domestic-worker modern slavery; diplomatic-immunity issue Official source
Reyes v Al-Malki [2017] UKSC 61 — Alleged domestic servitude, isolation and control; diplomatic-immunity issue Official source
MS (Pakistan) v Secretary of State for the Home Department [2020] UKSC 9 — Article 4 and State anti-trafficking obligations Official source
Care and Support (Direct Payments) Regulations 2014, reg 3 — Restriction and necessity exception for payment to specified close family members in the same household Official source
Care Act 2014, ss 31–33 — Direct-payment duties and conditions Official source
Care and Support Statutory Guidance, chapter 12 — Direct-payment choice, control, sufficiency and close-family payment guidance Official source
Criminal Justice and Courts Act 2015, ss 20–21 — Ill-treatment or wilful-neglect offences for care workers and care providers Official source
Domestic Violence, Crime and Victims Act 2004, s 5 — Causing or allowing death or serious physical harm of a child or vulnerable adult Official source
Consumer Rights Act 2015, s 62 and Part 2 — Unfair consumer contract terms and notices are not binding, subject to statutory scope Official source
Equality Act 2010, ss 26 and 29 — Harassment related to a protected characteristic in applicable services and public functions Official source
CMA unfair contract terms guidance — Current official guidance on fairness and transparency in consumer terms and notices Official source
Corporate Manslaughter and Corporate Homicide Act 2007 — Organisational homicide offence, relevant duties, senior management, gross breach and public-authority exclusions Official source
CPS Corporate Manslaughter Guidance — Official charging guidance on organisational, duty, senior-management, grossness and causation elements Official source
CPS Gross Negligence Manslaughter Guidance — Individual duty, breach, serious and obvious risk of death, causation and grossness Official source
CPS Homicide Guidance — Murder intent, manslaughter routes, causation and charging principles Official source
CPS Misconduct in Public Office Guidance — Strictly confined common-law offence concerning serious wilful abuse or neglect of public office Official source
Chief Coroner Law Sheet No 1 — Adomako/Rose six-element gross-negligence-manslaughter framework and inquest standard Official source
Care and Support (Eligibility Criteria) Regulations 2015 — Adult eligibility outcomes including managing toilet needs and personal hygiene Official source
Health and Social Care Act 2008 (Regulated Activities) Regulations 2014 — Provider duties including person-centred care, dignity, consent, safety, safeguarding, governance and staffing Official source
Care and Support Statutory Guidance — Official guidance under the Care Act; current online edition Official source
Equality Act 2010, ss 10, 13, 19, 27 and 29 — Religion or belief and discrimination in services and public functions Official source
Human Rights Act 1998, Articles 8, 9 and 14 — Private life, freedom of thought, conscience and religion, and non-discrimination Official source
EHRC: religion or belief discrimination — Official equality-law guidance Official source
Eweida and Others v United Kingdom — Article 9 manifestation and proportionality Official source
R (Begum) v Denbigh High School [2006] UKHL 15 — Religious dress and proportionality Official source
R (McDonald) v Kensington and Chelsea [2011] UKSC 33 — Night-time care, commode assistance, continence pads and lawful reassessment Official source
McDonald v United Kingdom, App no 4241/12 — Article 8 analysis before and after lawful care-plan reassessment Official source
Price v United Kingdom, App no 33394/96 — Article 3, disability, inaccessible detention and toileting Official source
R (Bernard) v Enfield LBC [2002] EWHC 2282 (Admin) — Article 8 damages for prolonged failure to meet known disability and accommodation needs Official source
Children and Young Persons Act 1933, s 1 — Child cruelty offence and unnecessary-suffering or injury-to-health threshold Official source
LGSCO: WCG Riverside Care Home Ltd 24 007 541 — Official anonymised continence and hygiene findings Official source
LGSCO: Derby City Council 23 005 861 — Official anonymised decision on documented continence care Official source
Housing Ombudsman: Metropolitan Thames Valley 202120807 — Official determination concerning consideration of an assistance-dog request Official source
Housing Ombudsman: Clarion 202415919 — Official determination concerning a cat-flap request and an emotional-support animal Official source
Housing Ombudsman: Hyde 202017021 — Official housing account recording an emotional-support dog and mental-health conditions Official source
LGSCO: City of Bradford 23 003 205 — Official anonymised housing decision involving interim accommodation and a dog Official source
Pandey et al. 2024 — Systematic review and meta-analysis of animal-assisted interventions and wellbeing outcomes Official source
Equality Act 2010 (Disability) Regulations 2010, reg 3 — Exclusion of certain addictions from the statutory disability definition, with the prescribed-drug exception Official source
DHSC co-occurring mental-health and substance-use delivery framework — Integrated provision, national evidence and the “wrong door” problem Official source
Hospital discharge and community support guidance — Discharge planning, including specialist support for drug or alcohol dependence Official source
PHSO: inappropriate discharge and aftercare—Mr C — Official anonymised investigation concerning co-occurring needs and section 117 aftercare Official source
Paul Dunne prevention-of-future-deaths report — Official coroner report concerning alcohol abuse, suicidality, assessment and observation Official source
LGSCO: Bristol City Council 23 002 687 — Official anonymised domiciliary-care decision involving drinking and self-neglect risks Official source
R (KM) v Cambridgeshire CC [2012] UKSC 23 — Needs, personal budgets and the duty to give a rational explanation Official source
Care and Support (Eligibility Criteria) Regulations 2015 — National eligibility framework Official source
Care and Support (Direct Payments) Regulations 2014 — Direct-payment conditions and restrictions Official source
Equality Act 2010 — Reasonable adjustments and public sector equality duty Official source
Equality Act 2010, s 10 — Religion and philosophical belief Official source
Health and Social Care Act 2008 Regulations 2014, regs 9, 10 and 14 — Person-centred care, dignity and nutrition duties Official source
Mental Capacity Act 2005 — Principles, capacity and supported decision-making Official source
Mental Capacity Act 2005, ss 1, 4, 15 and 16 — Capacity, best interests and Court of Protection jurisdiction Official source
Mental Capacity Act 2005, s 44 — Defined offence of ill-treatment or wilful neglect Official source
Criminal Justice and Courts Act 2015, s 20 — Care-worker offence of ill-treatment or wilful neglect Official source
Human Rights Act 1998, Schedule 1 — Convention rights including Articles 3, 4 and 8 Official source
Modern Slavery Act 2015, s 1 — Slavery, servitude and forced or compulsory labour Official source
Fraud Act 2006, ss 2–4 — False representation, failure to disclose and abuse of position; dishonesty and gain-or-loss intent Official source
Theft Act 1968, s 21 — Blackmail: unwarranted demand with menaces and gain-or-loss purpose Official source
CPS: Theft Act offences—blackmail — Official charging analysis for demand, menaces and property gain or loss Official source
Serious Crime Act 2015, s 76 — Controlling or coercive behaviour between personally connected people Official source
CPS: Misconduct in Public Office — Elements and high criminal threshold Official source
R (Raja and Hussain) v Redbridge [2020] EWHC 1456 (Admin) — Successful challenge producing mandatory night-care order after mother could no longer provide night support Official source
R (P) v Croydon [2022] EWHC 2886 (Admin) — Successful Care Act challenge concerning unmet needs, reasoning, budget and plan Official source
R (JF) v Merton [2017] EWHC 1519 (Admin) — Successful challenge to unlawful assessment and accommodation decision Official source
C.N. v United Kingdom, App no 4239/08 — Article 4 and alleged domestic servitude Official source
Siliadin v France, App no 73316/01 — Article 4 and effective protection against domestic servitude Official source
C.N. and V. v France, App no 67724/09 — Compelled domestic and disability-care work Official source
Chowdury and Others v Greece, App no 21884/15 — Forced labour, trafficking and prior consent Official source
H.L. v United Kingdom, App no 45508/99 — Unlawful deprivation of liberty and inadequate review safeguards Official source
P v Cheshire West and Chester Council [2014] UKSC 19 — The Article 5 “acid test” in disability-care settings Official source
London Borough of Hillingdon v Neary [2011] EWHC 1377 (COP) — Unlawful deprivation of liberty and interference with family life Official source
Stanev v Bulgaria, App no 36760/06 — Institutional control, review, conditions and disability Official source
G.K. and A.S. v Switzerland, Apps 55299/20 and 31515/22 — Successful 2026 Convention judgment concerning fully vegan diets in State care Official source
Jakóbski v Poland, App no 18429/06 — Successful Article 9 vegetarian-diet case Official source
Vartic v Romania (No. 2), App no 14150/08 — Successful Article 9 vegetarian-diet case Official source
Bird v Jones (1845) 7 QB 742 — Partial obstruction distinguished from complete restraint Official source
Meering v Grahame-White Aviation Co Ltd (1919) 122 LT 44 — False imprisonment without force or contemporaneous awareness Official source
R (Jalloh) v Secretary of State [2020] UKSC 4 — Common-law imprisonment through an unlawfully imposed and enforced curfew Official source
R (Lumba) v Secretary of State [2011] UKSC 12 — Unlawful detention, public-law error and false imprisonment Official source
Smith and Grady v United Kingdom — Sexual orientation, military investigations and Article 8 Official source
Christine Goodwin v United Kingdom [GC] — Gender recognition, private life and marriage rights Official source
Bull v Hall [2013] UKSC 73 — Sexual-orientation discrimination in services Official source
Equality Act 2010, ss 13, 15, 19, 20–21, 26–27 and 29 — Direct, disability-related and indirect discrimination; adjustments; harassment; victimisation; services and public functions Official source
Williams v Swansea University Pension Scheme [2018] UKSC 65 — Unfavourable treatment under Equality Act section 15 Official source
Essop v Home Office [2017] UKSC 27 — Elements of indirect discrimination Official source
EHRC Services Code — Equality Act harassment and field-specific limitations in services and public functions Official source
Renters’ Rights Act 2025, s 11 — Tenant requests to keep pets and reasonable refusal in applicable English tenancies Official source
Equality Act 2010, s 6 and Schedule 1 — Disability definition and rules on substantial, long-term and recurring effects Official source
Mental Capacity Act 2005, ss 1–3 — Presumption, unwise decisions and the decision-specific capacity test Official source
Montgomery v Lanarkshire Health Board [2015] UKSC 11 — Patient autonomy, material risks and reasonable treatment alternatives Official source
GOV.UK: If you want a pet to live with you — Current tenant guidance on pet requests, reasons and challenge Official source
Animal Welfare Act 2006, s 9 — Reasonable steps to meet the welfare needs of an animal for which a person is responsible Official source
Care and Support (Eligibility Criteria) Regulations 2015, reg 2 — Outcomes including a habitable home, personal relationships and community access Official source
CQC Regulation 18 guidance — Staffing, competence, training, supervision and appraisal Official source
Skills for Care: Care Certificate standards 2025 — Baseline knowledge, skills and behaviours with workplace assessment Official source
EHRC business guidance — Assistance animals, reasonable adjustments and discrimination arising from disability Official source
APA: Gender Dysphoria Diagnosis — Gender nonconformity is not itself a mental disorder Official source
NHS: The vegan diet — Planning a nutritionally adequate vegan diet Official source
NICE NG69 — Recognition, assessment, physical monitoring and treatment of eating disorders Official source
BDA Nutrition and Hydration Digest — Vegan diets, therapeutic diets and nutritionally vulnerable patient groups Official source
UCLH: A nourishing plant-based diet — NHS dietetic guidance on a balanced plant-based diet and relevant nutrients Official source
CPS: Gross Negligence Manslaughter — Elements and charging analysis Official source
CPS: Corporate Manslaughter — Organisational liability and distinction from individual liability Official source
NICE NG116 — Recognition, assessment and treatment of PTSD Official source
American Psychiatric Association: DSM‑5‑TR — Official DSM‑5‑TR educational resources and cautions for clinical use Official source
APA DSM‑5‑TR assessment measures — Cross-cutting and disorder-focused measures for assessment and monitoring Official source
NHS support for carers — Carer stress and support routes Official source
NHS urgent mental-health help — Emergency and urgent pathways Official source
Cornwall Council-area mental-health crisis information — Local 24/7 routes Official source
GOV.UK modern-slavery reporting — Public and first-responder reporting information Official source
Sentencing Act 2020, s 66 — Statutory aggravation for hostility based on disability and other protected characteristics Official source
CPS: Disability Hate Crime and other crimes against disabled people — Charging, case-building, hostility, vulnerability and sentencing guidance Official source
CPS: Investigating and Prosecuting Disability Hate Crime—Best Practice — Evidence of hostility, power imbalance, exploitation and sentence uplift Official source
CPS Hate Crime Annual Report 2018–2019 — Published disability-hate prosecution and sentence-uplift example Official source
Home Office: key findings from domestic homicide reviews — Aggregate review findings, verdicts, sentence ranges and prevention themes Official source
Home Office: Safe Care at Home Review — Evidence gaps, prevalence indicators and safeguarding risks in care relationships Official source
Becky Serious Case Review — Official systems review recording criminal outcomes and multi-agency learning Official source
Local Government Association: Safeguarding roles and responsibilities — Learning from closed care environments including Winterbourne View Official source
Health Protection (Coronavirus, Restrictions) (England) Regulations 2020, reg 6 — Original stay-at-home restriction and reasonable-excuse structure Official source
R (Dolan) v Secretary of State for Health and Social Care [2020] EWCA Civ 1605 — Court of Appeal judgment on the power to make the original lockdown regulations and Convention challenges Official source
Terheş v Romania, App no 49933/20 — General pandemic lockdown distinguished from Article 5 deprivation of liberty Official source
ONS: COVID‑19-related deaths by disability status, 2 March–14 July 2020 — Linked disability mortality counts, rates, adjustment and methodological limits Official source
ONS: Domestic abuse during the coronavirus pandemic, November 2020 — Police-recorded domestic-abuse indicators and causation cautions Official source
ONS: Domestic abuse in England and Wales, November 2021 — Police-recorded crimes and incidents in the year ending March 2021 Official source
ONS: Social impacts on disabled people, July 2020 — Anxiety and well-being survey indicators Official source
ONS: Social impacts on disabled people, September 2020 — Reduced or cancelled treatment and self-reported health deterioration Official source
ONS: Social impacts on disabled people, February 2021 — Mental-health effects by impairment group Official source
ONS: Social impacts on unpaid carers, April 2021 — Carer disability, living arrangements, work and well-being indicators Official source
CQC: Protect, respect, connect — Review of DNACPR decision-making during the COVID‑19 pandemic Official source
House of Commons Women and Equalities Committee: Unequal impact? — Parliamentary inquiry into coronavirus, disability and access to services Official source
GOV.UK COVID‑19 mental-health surveillance: important findings — Evidence on psychological distress, anxiety, loneliness and depressive symptoms among carers Official source
Children Act 1989, ss 17, 20, 31 and 47 — Family support, accommodation, significant-harm threshold and child-protection enquiries Official source
Working Together to Safeguard Children 2026 — Statutory multi-agency guidance, including support for disabled children and families Official source
Re B (A Child) [2013] UKSC 33 and Re B-S [2013] EWCA Civ 1146 — Adoption as a last-resort intervention requiring rigorous analysis of realistic options Official source
Serious Crime Act 2015, s 76 — Controlling or coercive behaviour offence and personally connected requirement Official source
CPS: Controlling or coercive behaviour — Elements, personally connected relationships, charging and evidence Official source
College of Policing: body-worn cameras — Operational reasons, activation practice and evidence management Official source
ICO: Video surveillance guidance — UK GDPR and Data Protection Act requirements for body-worn and other video systems Official source
ICO: Information sharing to safeguard children — Proportionate and lawful information-sharing framework Official source
CPS: Victims and witnesses commitments — Capacity, participation and support for victims and witnesses with learning disabilities or mental-health issues Official source
CPS Hate Crime Annual Report 2018–2019 — Published disability-hate assault case, sentence uplift and outcome Official source
Melissa Serious Case Review — Official care-home systems review recording murder conviction and life sentence Official source
Bristol Thematic Mate Crime Review — Official thematic review including the death of Derrick Carr and commissioned supported accommodation Official source
Sentencing Act 2020, s 66 and Schedule 21 — Disability-hostility aggravation and murder minimum-term framework Official source
Attorney General’s Office: Talukder sentence increase — Covert recording exposed sexual abuse of a disabled child; sentence increased from three to eight years Official source
Tuckers Solicitors: Tania Clarence hospital order — Defence participant account of diminished-responsibility pleas, psychiatric evidence and the hospital-order disposal; not a sentencing judgment Official source
CPS: Benjamin Poole care-worker prosecution — Victim-controlled recording during seizures, convictions and six-year sentence Official source
CPS: Life School prosecutions — Undercover footage at provision for children with additional needs and resulting prosecutions Official source
CQC: surveillance in care services — Regulatory guidance concerning overt and covert surveillance in care Official source
ICO: body-worn video — Data-protection requirements for activation, notice, security, special-category data and DPIAs Official source
ICO: monitoring workers — Necessity, proportionality and privacy limits for video and audio monitoring at work Official source
CQC: Unicare (London) inspection history — Trainee shadowing, recruitment, medicines, training and consent-system findings Official source
CQC: Ridgeway Nursing Home — Inspection evidence concerning dignity, privacy and unrecorded service-user views Official source
GMC: intimate examinations and chaperones — Specific consent and dignity standards for intimate examinations and educational participation Official source
Bruce et al.: consent for intimate training examinations — Peer-reviewed review of documented consent concerns in educational intimate examinations Official source
Health Research Authority: payments and incentives — Ethical guidance on expenses, payment and financial inducement Official source
Bristol City Council: payment for involvement — Practical guidance on payment and possible tax or benefits consequences Official source
GOV.UK: Ask for a Crown Court sentence to be reviewed — Scope and operation of the Unduly Lenient Sentence scheme Official source